Overview of Cellular Therapeutics Clinical Trials: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Cellular therapeutics, encompassing stem cell-based regeneration and engineered immune cell platforms, have demonstrated efficacy in treating degenerative diseases, immune-related diseases, and oncology. However, low engraftment rates and limited long-term efficacy remain critical translational barriers. This review compiled clinical projects on cell therapy in China over the past five years (over 1200 patients across 172 clinical trials) to highlight its rapid development in recent years and illustrate the directions of indications for application. This review also analyzes published clinical achievements all over the world, revealing significant therapeutic improvements in degenerative disorders (40-60% improvement in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores and oncology (78% ctDNA clearance, < 0.001)). We propose integrating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) bioactive compounds to enhance cell viability via C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR4) upregulation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Despite mechanistic insights, translational barriers include limited TCM validation (72% lacking single-cell omics) and regulatory misalignment. Future efforts should prioritize randomized trials and standardized TCM-cell therapy protocols to bridge discovery and clinical translation.