Overexpression of Improving Resistance to Aluminum Toxicity in Rapeseed ( L.).

The cell wall, acting as the first line of defense against aluminum (Al) toxicity, is the primary cellular structure that encounters and perceives Al. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) plays a pivotal role in mediating cell wall remodeling, a critical mechanism for Al toxicity tolerance. In our previous studies, the candidate gene was identified through GWAS and RNA-seq analyses. Under Al toxicity stress, overexpression lines (OEs) exhibited a significant increase in the relative elongation of taproots (9.44-13.32%) and total root length (8.15-12.89%) compared to the wild type (WT). Following Al treatment, OEs displayed reduced MDA content and lower relative electrical conductivity, alongside a significantly higher root activity than WT. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in OE under Al toxicity were predominantly enriched in stress-related biological processes, including phenylpropanoid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lignin biosynthesis. These results suggest that overexpression could enhance Al toxicity tolerance in rapeseed, potentially by modulating cell wall synthesis to bolster plant resistance.