Chakraborty Rishika, Berman Micah L, Yang Y Tony, Li Yan, Wang Yan, Bernat Debra, Zhang Sabrina, Berg Carla J
Center for Health Policy and Media Engagement, School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
College of Public Health & Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 May 23;22(6):827. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22060827.
State preemption of local laws may impede tobacco control, yet little research has examined local policy activity before, during, and after preemption. This study addresses this gap. We summarized state laws preempting local smoke-free workplace, youth access, and licensure laws (CDC's STATE) and local legislative activity before, during, and after preemption (Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation) across 1999-2021. Preemption existed for smoke-free workplaces in 18 states, youth access in 21, and licensure in 13. Regarding smoke-free workplace laws, local laws were passed in 5 of 11 states with preemption throughout; among seven states with partial-period preemption, local laws were enacted before preemption or after repeal in three states but during preemption in two. Regarding youth access, localities adopted laws (e.g., addressing purchase/use/possession or e-cigarettes) in 11 of 18 states with preemption throughout; among the three states with partial-period preemption, localities passed laws before preemption in one state and during preemption in two. For licensure, localities passed laws (e.g., licensing requirements/penalties) in eight of nine states with preemption throughout and three of four states with partial-period preemption. Although state preemption reduced local activity, some localities advanced tobacco control during preemption, underscoring the need for localities to exercise autonomy permitted under preemption.
州对地方法规的优先适用可能会阻碍烟草控制，但很少有研究考察优先适用之前、期间和之后的地方政策活动。本研究填补了这一空白。我们总结了1999年至2021年期间各州优先适用地方无烟工作场所、青少年接触限制和许可法规（疾病控制与预防中心的《州法规》）以及优先适用之前、期间和之后的地方立法活动（美国无烟权利基金会）。18个州存在对无烟工作场所法规的优先适用，21个州存在对青少年接触限制法规的优先适用，13个州存在对许可法规的优先适用。关于无烟工作场所法规，在11个全面优先适用的州中有5个州通过了地方法规；在7个部分时期优先适用的州中，有3个州在优先适用之前或废除之后颁布了地方法规，但有2个州是在优先适用期间颁布的。关于青少年接触限制，在18个全面优先适用的州中有11个州的地方政府通过了相关法律（如涉及购买/使用/持有或电子烟的法律）；在3个部分时期优先适用的州中，有1个州在优先适用之前通过了地方法规，有2个州在优先适用期间通过了地方法规。对于许可法规，在9个全面优先适用的州中有8个州的地方政府通过了相关法律（如许可要求/处罚），在4个部分时期优先适用的州中有3个州通过了相关法律。尽管州的优先适用减少了地方活动，但一些地方在优先适用期间推进了烟草控制，这凸显了地方在优先适用允许的范围内行使自主权的必要性。
