Weintraub W, Plaut S M
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1985 Nov;173(11):694-7. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198511000-00008.
Although investigators have attempted to define the paralinguistic characteristics of spontaneous speech, there have been no systematic attempts to study its verbal reflections. An experiment comparing extemporaneous and impromptu speech samples of 10 freshman medical students showed that, of 10 verbal categories, only qualifying phrases significantly differentiated the two levels of spontaneity. A second study compared post-World War II presidential communications of different degrees of spontaneity. Speech samples were taken from inaugural addresses of seven presidents, and from both introductory remarks and responses to questions at their press conferences. The proportion of qualifying phrases significantly decreased as the amount of preparation increased, confirming the results of the student experiment. The use of qualifying phrases appears to represent, in part, an attempt by the speaker to avoid silence while retrieving and encoding memories from long-term storage.
尽管研究人员试图界定自发言语的副语言特征，但尚未有系统的尝试来研究其言语反映。一项对10名大一医学生的即席演讲和即兴演讲样本进行比较的实验表明，在10个言语类别中，只有限定短语能显著区分两种自发程度。第二项研究比较了二战后不同自发程度的总统讲话。言语样本取自七位总统的就职演说，以及他们在新闻发布会上的开场白和对问题的回答。随着准备程度的增加，限定短语的比例显著下降，证实了学生实验的结果。使用限定短语似乎在一定程度上代表了说话者在从长期记忆中检索和编码记忆时避免沉默的一种尝试。
