Fischer Johanna, John Ulrich, Rumpf Hans-Jürgen, Staudt Andreas, Baumann Sophie
Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Jun 26;25(1):2175. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23539-w.
BACKGROUND: Although mental well-being is facing growing challenges against the background of global crises such as climate change, pandemics, and social inequality, little is known about longitudinal patterns of mental well-being in the general population. METHODS: The study is based on self-report data from 1,605 adults aged 18 to 64 years who were proactively recruited at a municipal registration office (M = 31.0 years, SD = 10.8 years). Mental well-being was assessed at baseline, and 3, 6, 12, 36 and 48 months later using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). Covariates were smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age, sex, school education and relationship status. Growth Mixture Modeling was used to identify latent trajectory classes of mental well-being. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test whether class membership is predicted by health behaviors and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Three latent trajectory classes were found. The first class ("stable high", n = 1,251, 78%) showed the highest mental well-being throughout the study with only minor fluctuations over time. The second class (n = 192, 12%) showed a "steadily increasing" trajectory starting with the lowest MHI-5 sum score of the three classes at baseline that increased over time. The third class ("fluctuating", n = 162, 10%) reported a slight increase in mental well-being during the first six months, followed by a steep decline to 36 months, which then increased to almost baseline-level at 48 months. The odds of being classified into the "steadily increasing" or "fluctuating" compared to the "stable high" class were higher for men and younger participants. The odds of belonging to the "steadily increasing" compared to the "stable high" class were higher for participants with more than 12 years of school education and those being in a relationship. Health behaviors did not predict latent trajectory class membership. CONCLUSION: Three different temporal patterns of mental well-being were found in a German general population sample, with the majority showing a stable level of high mental well-being over four years. Further research is needed to understand fluctuating patterns and the causal factors influencing mental well-being.
背景：尽管在气候变化、大流行和社会不平等之类的全球危机背景下，心理健康正面临越来越大的挑战，但对于普通人群心理健康的纵向模式却知之甚少。 方法：该研究基于从一个市政登记处主动招募的1605名年龄在18至64岁之间的成年人的自我报告数据（M = 31.0岁，标准差 = 10.8岁）。在基线时以及3、6、12、36和48个月后使用五项心理健康量表（MHI-5）对心理健康进行评估。协变量包括吸烟、饮酒、水果和蔬菜摄入量、中度至剧烈身体活动、年龄、性别、学校教育程度和恋爱状况。使用增长混合模型来识别心理健康的潜在轨迹类别。使用多项逻辑回归来检验健康行为和社会人口统计学变量是否能预测类别归属。 结果：发现了三种潜在轨迹类别。第一类（“稳定高水平”，n = 1251，78%）在整个研究过程中显示出最高的心理健康水平，且随时间仅有轻微波动。第二类（n = 192，12%）呈现出“稳步上升”的轨迹，在基线时其MHI-5总分是三类中最低的，并随时间增加。第三类（“波动型”，n = 162，10%）报告称在最初六个月中心理健康略有增加，随后急剧下降至36个月，然后在48个月时增加到几乎基线水平。与“稳定高水平”类别相比，男性和年轻参与者被归类为“稳步上升”或“波动型”的几率更高。与“稳定高水平”类别相比，接受超过12年学校教育的参与者和处于恋爱关系中的参与者属于“稳步上升”类别的几率更高。健康行为并不能预测潜在轨迹类别归属。 结论：在一个德国普通人群样本中发现了三种不同的心理健康时间模式，大多数人在四年中显示出稳定的高水平心理健康。需要进一步研究以了解波动模式以及影响心理健康的因果因素。
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