Iqbal Iram, Ali Mohamed A M, Saqib Fatima, Alamgir Kinza, Mubarak Mohammad S, Chaudhary Anis Ahmad, El-Shazly Mohamed, El-Nashar Heba A S
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Health & Population Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 May 22;18(6):770. doi: 10.3390/ph18060770.
is a medicinal plant possessing therapeutic effects in disorders associated with the gastrointestinal (GIT) system. This research aims to study the pharmacological activity of in a multidimensional manner, involving phytochemistry screening and in vitro and in vivo experiments. The whole dried plant was extracted with 80% methanol and further fractionation using solvents of increasing polarity. GC-MS analysis was performed on the crude extract to discover volatile compounds. The spasmolytic/spasmogenic effect was assessed in isolated rabbit jejunum using spontaneous and K⁺-induced contractions, as well as contractions induced by increasing concentrations of calcium ions in depolarized tissue. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in Swiss albino rats/mice ( = 6/group) using castor oil-induced diarrhea and peristaltic index models. In silico ADMET screening was conducted via SwissADME and pkCSM. : The GC-MS profiling of revealed the presence of 59 phytochemicals and a rare azulene derivative and constituents, including α-santonin and hexadecanoic acid esters, with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, as predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM computational tools. The in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the significant calcium channel blocking activity in non-polar fractions (-hexane and ethyl acetate), while the polar extracts (ethanolic, aqueous) exhibited cholinergic effects, indicating a dual mode of action. : This was a first-time demonstration of both antidiarrheal and smooth muscle-relaxant activity in , supported by GC-MS profiling and pharmacological assay. The findings lend scientific credibility to the traditional use of the plant in community healthcare, while also reinforcing the need for further pharmacological and clinical studies to explore its potential in drug development.
是一种对胃肠道（GIT）系统相关疾病具有治疗作用的药用植物。本研究旨在以多维度方式研究其药理活性，包括植物化学筛选以及体外和体内实验。将整株干燥植物用80%甲醇提取，然后使用极性递增的溶剂进一步分级分离。对粗提物进行气相色谱 - 质谱（GC - MS）分析以发现挥发性化合物。在离体兔空肠中，利用自发收缩、钾离子诱导的收缩以及去极化组织中钙离子浓度增加诱导的收缩来评估解痉/致痉作用。在瑞士白化大鼠/小鼠（每组n = 6）中，使用蓖麻油诱导的腹泻和蠕动指数模型评估止泻活性。通过SwissADME和pkCSM进行计算机辅助药物代谢动力学（ADMET）筛选。结果：的GC - MS分析表明存在59种植物化学物质以及一种罕见的薁衍生物和成分，包括α - 山道年和十六烷酸酯，使用SwissADME和pkCSM计算工具预测其具有良好的药代动力学特征。体外和体内实验表明，非极性馏分（正己烷和乙酸乙酯）具有显著的钙通道阻滞活性，而极性提取物（乙醇提取物、水提取物）表现出胆碱能效应，表明其具有双重作用模式。结论：这是首次在中证明其止泻和平滑肌松弛活性，得到了GC - MS分析和药理实验的支持。这些发现为该植物在社区医疗保健中的传统用途提供了科学可信度，同时也强化了进一步进行药理和临床研究以探索其在药物开发中潜力的必要性。
