Silva Eduarda M P, Vitiello Antonella, Miro Agnese, Ribeiro Carlos J A
Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 May 24;18(6):786. doi: 10.3390/ph18060786.
Since the 1990s, cannabis has experienced a gradual easing of access restrictions, accompanied by the expansion of its legalization and commercialization. This shift has led to the proliferation of cannabis-based products, available as cosmetics, food supplements, and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Consequently, there has been a growing demand for reliable and reproducible extraction techniques alongside precise analytical methods for detecting and quantifying cannabinoids, both of which are essential for ensuring consumer safety and product quality. Given the variability in extraction and quantification techniques across laboratories, significant attention has recently been directed toward method validation. Validated methods ensure precise cannabinoid measurement in cannabis-based products, supporting compliance with dosage guidelines and legal limits. Thus, this review highlights recent advancements in these areas, with a particular focus on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Ultraviolet (UV) detection, as it is considered the gold standard for cannabinoid analysis included in cannabis monographs present in several pharmacopeias. The research focused on studies published between January 2022 and December 2024, sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, that employed an HPLC-UV analytical technique for the detection of phytocannabinoids. Additionally, the review examines cannabinoid extraction techniques and the validation methodologies used by the authors in the selected papers. Notably, ultrasound extraction has emerged as the most widely utilized technique across various matrices, with Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) offering a promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction alternative. Analytical chromatographic separations continue to be predominantly conducted using C18 reversed-phase columns. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchers have explored various stationary phases, particularly to achieve the enantioseparation of cannabinoids.
自20世纪90年代以来，大麻的获取限制逐渐放宽，同时其合法化和商业化不断扩大。这种转变导致了以大麻为基础的产品激增，这些产品以化妆品、食品补充剂和药物剂型的形式出现。因此，对可靠且可重复的提取技术以及用于检测和定量大麻素的精确分析方法的需求日益增长，这两者对于确保消费者安全和产品质量至关重要。鉴于各实验室在提取和定量技术方面存在差异，最近人们将大量注意力投向了方法验证。经过验证的方法可确保对基于大麻的产品进行精确的大麻素测量，有助于遵守剂量指南和法定限量。因此，本综述重点介绍了这些领域的最新进展，特别关注高效液相色谱（HPLC）与紫外（UV）检测联用，因为它被认为是几本药典中大麻专论所包含的大麻素分析的金标准。该研究聚焦于2022年1月至2024年12月发表的研究，这些研究来自PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science，采用HPLC-UV分析技术检测植物大麻素。此外，该综述还考察了所选论文中作者使用的大麻素提取技术和验证方法。值得注意的是，超声提取已成为各种基质中使用最广泛的技术，深共熔溶剂（DESs）提供了一种有前景、高效且环保的提取替代方法。分析色谱分离仍主要使用C18反相柱进行。然而，近年来，研究人员探索了各种固定相，特别是为了实现大麻素的对映体分离。
