Since the 1990s, cannabis has experienced a gradual easing of access restrictions, accompanied by the expansion of its legalization and commercialization. This shift has led to the proliferation of cannabis-based products, available as cosmetics, food supplements, and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Consequently, there has been a growing demand for reliable and reproducible extraction techniques alongside precise analytical methods for detecting and quantifying cannabinoids, both of which are essential for ensuring consumer safety and product quality. Given the variability in extraction and quantification techniques across laboratories, significant attention has recently been directed toward method validation. Validated methods ensure precise cannabinoid measurement in cannabis-based products, supporting compliance with dosage guidelines and legal limits. Thus, this review highlights recent advancements in these areas, with a particular focus on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Ultraviolet (UV) detection, as it is considered the gold standard for cannabinoid analysis included in cannabis monographs present in several pharmacopeias. The research focused on studies published between January 2022 and December 2024, sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, that employed an HPLC-UV analytical technique for the detection of phytocannabinoids. Additionally, the review examines cannabinoid extraction techniques and the validation methodologies used by the authors in the selected papers. Notably, ultrasound extraction has emerged as the most widely utilized technique across various matrices, with Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) offering a promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction alternative. Analytical chromatographic separations continue to be predominantly conducted using C18 reversed-phase columns. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchers have explored various stationary phases, particularly to achieve the enantioseparation of cannabinoids.