Leng Yixuan, Sun Rujie
Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS), University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
Adv Healthc Mater. 2025 Dec;14(31):e2500860. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202500860. Epub 2025 Jun 30.
Closed-loop control systems have emerged as transformative tools in precision therapy, enabling real-time monitoring of patient's physiological conditions and automatically adjusting treatments based on direct feedback. By seamlessly integrating sensing feedback and on-demand therapeutic interventions, these systems offer enhanced accuracy, adaptability, and effectiveness, while reducing the risks of over- or under-treatment. This review categorizes closed-loop devices into two major types: self-sustained and externally triggered. It first examines the stimuli-responsive materials and mechanisms essential for self-sustained systems, which autonomously deliver therapeutic agents in response to physiological or environmental cues without external intervention, an approach that is particularly advantageous for managing chronic diseases. The discussion then focuses on recent developments in integrated bioelectronics as a platform for externally triggered closed-loop systems, summarising key innovations in biosensing technologies, personalized therapeutic strategies, and data-driven control algorithms. Finally, the review outlines current challenges and highlights potential research avenues, illustrating the transformative potential of closed-loop systems in a range of precision therapies, including diabetes management and neurostimulation.
闭环控制系统已成为精准治疗中具有变革性的工具，能够实时监测患者的生理状况，并根据直接反馈自动调整治疗方案。通过无缝集成传感反馈和按需治疗干预，这些系统提高了准确性、适应性和有效性，同时降低了治疗过度或不足的风险。本综述将闭环设备分为两大类：自持式和外部触发式。首先探讨了自持式系统所必需的刺激响应材料和机制，这类系统可在无外部干预的情况下根据生理或环境线索自主递送治疗剂，这一方法在慢性病管理中尤为有利。接着讨论聚焦于集成生物电子学作为外部触发式闭环系统平台的最新进展，总结了生物传感技术、个性化治疗策略和数据驱动控制算法方面的关键创新。最后，本综述概述了当前的挑战，并突出了潜在的研究途径，展示了闭环系统在一系列精准治疗中的变革潜力，包括糖尿病管理和神经刺激。
