Resolving anxiety-like behaviour inconsistencies in the elevated plus maze by tracking exploration depth and timing.

The anxiety-like behaviour provoked by the elevated plus maze is primarily measured by the degree to which a rodent explores or avoids the risker, unenclosed arms. Measures such as arm entries and total time spent within the arm are conventionally used, but their analysis often produces inconsistent inferences about the level of anxiety-like behaviour being observed. This inconsistency occurs because the measures do not correlate with one another, raising the question of how validly they capture both the exploratory and avoidance motivations that typify anxiety-like behaviour. Given this inconsistency, we propose a new measure, Novel Exploration Growth, that captures avoidance and exploratory behaviours within the maze. The growth of novel exploration tracks the first visit to discrete areas of the maze over time. The absolute amount of novel exploration, combined with the phasic nature of the exploration, reveals behavioural phenotypes with both avoidance and exploration quantified in a single time series. By addressing both motivations evoked by the maze through a single coherent measure, we provide a superior estimation of anxiety-like behaviour and resolve inconsistencies that arise when applying conventional measures alone.