Dey Bishwajit, Misra Srikant, Pal Arnab
Department of Electrical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):22615. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07338-2.
To lower expenses and environmental impacts, the integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) into distribution networks is vital, especially in microgrid (MG) systems. Furthermore, demand-side management (DSM) measures like load shifting and price-based demand response (PBDR) help to improve the economic performance of MG systems. However, various factors influence PHEV operations, including arrival and departure times to the charging platforms, battery capacity, state of charge during arrival and departure, and overall availability in the charging platform. These considerations have a noticeable impact on the cost-effectiveness of MG operations. This paper offers a novel one-to-one-based optimisation algorithm for minimising the generating cost of an MG system while considering various PHEV operational factors and DSM tactics. The subject MG system operates in grid connected mode and is powered by a microturbine, a fuel cell, and renewables, which also facilitates the charging requirements of a PHEV. A thorough investigation is carried out by taking three varieties of PHEVs with varied battery capacity and charging/discharging power levels. Furthermore, a balanced economic emission dispatch is used to achieve the best trade-off between cost minimisation and pollution reduction, ensuring long-term MG functioning. Numerical results corroborate the improvement of load factor and reduction of peak demand using DSM methods. Shifting the availability of PHEV in the charging platform during the early hours of the day proved to be a cost-effective decision due to the lower load demand and lower electricity market price during those hours. The proposed approach improves economic efficiency while also encouraging greener energy use, making it a feasible alternative for future MG systems that incorporate PHEVs.
为了降低成本和环境影响，将插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）集成到配电网中至关重要，尤其是在微电网（MG）系统中。此外，诸如负荷转移和基于价格的需求响应（PBDR）等需求侧管理（DSM）措施有助于提高MG系统的经济性能。然而，各种因素会影响PHEV的运行，包括到达和离开充电平台的时间、电池容量、到达和离开时的充电状态以及在充电平台上的整体可用性。这些因素对MG运行的成本效益有显著影响。本文提出了一种新颖的基于一对一的优化算法，在考虑各种PHEV运行因素和DSM策略的同时，将MG系统的发电成本降至最低。所研究的MG系统以并网模式运行，由微型涡轮机、燃料电池和可再生能源供电，这些能源也满足了PHEV的充电需求。通过考虑三种具有不同电池容量和充电/放电功率水平的PHEV进行了全面研究。此外，采用平衡经济排放调度来实现成本最小化和污染减少之间的最佳权衡，确保MG系统的长期运行。数值结果证实了使用DSM方法提高了负荷率并降低了高峰需求。由于一天中早些时候负荷需求较低且电力市场价格较低，在这些时段改变PHEV在充电平台上的可用性被证明是一个具有成本效益的决策。所提出的方法提高了经济效率，同时也鼓励了更绿色的能源使用，使其成为未来包含PHEV的MG系统的可行替代方案。
