Recent advances in nanopharmaceutical strategies for cancer treatment.

Next-generation cancer nanomedicines are revolutionizing therapeutic precision through multifunctional, adaptive, and tumor-specific strategies. This review discusses emerging innovations in cancer nanomedicine, including stimuli-responsive nanomedicines, biomimetic nanomedicines, nanozymes, nanovaccines, immunotherapy, and diagnostic-integrated theranostics. These platforms allow for spatially controlled therapy, deep tumor penetration, and immune reprogramming with minimal systemic toxicity. Although their preclinical performance is promising, several challenges remain, including scalable manufacturing, regulatory validation, and patient-specific optimization. Advances in artificial intelligence-guided design and biomimetic engineering are expected to accelerate clinical translation, positioning these technologies to transform the future of precision oncology.