Repeated dose toxicity of 4-methylbenzophenone: hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

4-Methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), a derivative of benzophenone commonly utilized in consumer products, has elicited significant safety concerns due to its potential to migrate from food packaging materials and its structural similarity to known toxicants. This investigation sought to elucidate the toxicological profile of 4-MBP in female Sprague-Dawley rats following a 7-day repeated oral exposure to doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The results demonstrated pronounced toxicity, as evidenced by high mortality, decreased body weight, clinical signs of weakness, and increased relative liver weights. Biochemical analysis revealed significant elevations in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and GGT), lipid dysregulation, and increased glucose levels, which are indicative of hepatic dysfunction. Histopathological examination confirmed hepatocyte hypertrophy and mild renal tubular vacuolation, suggesting hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, respectively. Hematological findings further revealed a decrease in white blood cell counts and alterations in immune cell populations, indicating a compromised immune function. Notably, no significant pulmonary lesions were observed, suggesting organ-specific toxicity. This study provides critical insights into the toxic effects of 4-MBP, identifies hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic risks, and highlights the need for further investigation in the field of regulatory toxicology. The present findings are crucial for determining safe exposure limits and contributing to the regulatory assessment of 4-MBP safety and public health risks.