注意缺陷多动障碍儿童和青少年的性别差异：文献综述
Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.
作者信息
Dimitri Danilo, Delia Giuliana, Cavallo Francesco, Varini Matteo, Fioretto Franco
机构信息
Department of Psychology, Univeristy of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Department of Maternal and Child Health, ASL-CN1 Child Neuropsychiatry Cuneo-Mondovì, Mondovì, Italy.
出版信息
Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025 Jun 19;4:1582502. doi: 10.3389/frcha.2025.1582502. eCollection 2025.
INTRODUCTION
This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing research on the symptomatological and behavioural differences between male and female attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals aged 6-18 years. ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests differently across genders, potentially impacting the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of the condition.
METHODS
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 (PRISMA guidelines), we conducted a comprehensive literature search and identified 67 records published between 2008 and 2024 that met our inclusion criteria. The review examined both direct sex differences-comparing female ADHD subjects to their male counterparts-and the disorder's sex-specific effects, revealing nuanced patterns of compromission.
RESULTS
Findings were organized into seven thematic areas: core symptoms, executive and attention performance, neuropsychomotor aspects, psychopathological aspects, behavioural and social aspects, substance use and academic performance. Differences between males and females with ADHD have been highlighted across several domains, including prevalence and intensity of core symptoms, cognitive functioning, and the nature of externalizing vs internalizing behaviours. Notably, variations were observed in the ways symptoms manifest, such as in aggression and emotional regulation. Furthermore, the review highlighted how ADHD's impact is influenced by the subject's sex, specifically affecting neuropsychomotor development, social interactions, and self-esteem. Age-related differences concerning the evolution of symptoms and cognitive functions were also explored, shedding light on how developmental trajectories may differ between sexes.
CONCLUSION
A comprehensive understanding of sex specificity in relation to ADHD is critical for informing effective diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review underscores the need for further research to elucidate these differences, ultimately contributing to more tailored and sex-sensitive approaches in ADHD management.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2025.4.0093, identifier INPLASY202540093.
引言
本系统评价旨在综合现有的关于6至18岁个体中男性和女性注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）在症状学和行为方面差异的研究。ADHD是一种常见的神经发育障碍，在不同性别中表现不同，可能会影响该疾病的诊断、治疗和整体管理。
方法
按照2020年系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA指南），我们进行了全面的文献检索，确定了2008年至2024年期间发表的67篇符合纳入标准的记录。该评价考察了直接的性别差异（将女性ADHD受试者与其男性对应者进行比较）以及该疾病的性别特异性影响，揭示了细微的损害模式。
结果
研究结果分为七个主题领域：核心症状、执行和注意力表现、神经心理运动方面、精神病理学方面行为和社会方面、物质使用和学业成绩。患有ADHD的男性和女性之间的差异在多个领域得到了突出，包括核心症状的患病率和强度、认知功能以及外化行为与内化行为的性质。值得注意的是，在症状表现方式上观察到了差异，例如在攻击行为和情绪调节方面。此外，该评价强调了ADHD的影响如何受到受试者性别的影响，特别是对神经心理运动发育、社会互动和自尊的影响。还探讨了与症状演变和认知功能相关的年龄差异，揭示了不同性别之间发育轨迹可能存在的差异。
结论
全面了解ADHD的性别特异性对于制定有效的诊断和治疗策略至关重要。本评价强调需要进一步研究以阐明这些差异，最终有助于在ADHD管理中采用更具针对性和对性别敏感的方法。
系统评价注册
https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2025.4.0093，标识符INPLASY202540093。
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