Exploration of the effects of Tai Chi practice on lower limb corticomuscular coherence during balance-demanding virtual reality conditions in older adults.

Tai Chi practice has been widely adopted to improve balance and prevent falls in older adults. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the benefits of Tai Chi are difficult to evaluate during traditional balance assessments. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi and healthy aging on corticomuscular coherence (CMC) while standing in virtual balance-demanding environments. We recorded neural, muscular, and behavioral data in an immersive virtual reality environment while implementing sensory and mechanical perturbations to introduce high postural threats. Through the acquisition of electroencephalography and electromyography signals, we examined β and γ CMC changes in frontal, central, parietal, and occipital cortical areas and ankle plantar- and dorsi-flexors in older adults ( = 10), older adults with Tai Chi practice ( = 10), and young adults ( = 10). The results showed that older adults have higher γ CMC in comparison with Tai Chi practitioners and young adults as evaluated by the magnitude square coherence. Increased β and γ CMC correlated with decreased mediolateral postural sway in older adults, while young adults demonstrated the opposite relationship. Furthermore, lower tibialis anterior and soleus β CMC were found in older adults during ground conditions compared to Tai Chi practitioners and young adults. The results demonstrate the effects of aging and Tai Chi on CMC during balance-demanding standing tasks, and the potential application of the novel system to quantify cortical and muscular adaptation after rehabilitation.