Research advances of matrix metalloproteinases family in uveal melanoma.

As a zinc-containing family of endopeptidases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are not only the main hydrolytic enzymes for the degradation of extracellular matrix and basement membrane, but also the main protein family involved in tumor metastasis. In addition to playing a key role in normal physiological processes, previous studies have shown that MMPs are also important in tumorigenesis and development, including but not limited to promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, angiogenesis, and inducing the expression of adhesion molecules. Therefore, as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target, the relationship between MMPs and carcinogenesis and metastasis has also been widely studied. As the most frequent intraocular malignant tumor in adults, uveal melanoma (UM) poses a great threat to patients' visual acuity and lives. MMPs contribute to UM progression by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and metastasis. Clinical and bioinformatic studies have identified MMPs as both prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in UM, supported by their association with tumor characteristics, immune-related phenotypes, and the expression of endogenous inhibitors like TIMPs. This article comprehensively reviews the expression profiles and clinical significance of MMPs in UM, highlighting their roles in tumor progression, metastasis, and potential as therapeutic targets.