Tucker Larry A, Beltran Frank
Department of Exercise Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
Front Nutr. 2025 Jun 25;12:1588447. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1588447. eCollection 2025.
Caffeine is a stimulant. It is one of the most consumed drugs in the United States. The present investigation was conducted to determine the relationships between BMI and waist circumference, and caffeine intake. The specific objective was to determine whether adults with higher BMIs or larger waist circumferences consume more or less caffeine than their counterparts.
A sample of 19,660 randomly selected women and men, 20-75 years old, representing the U.S. adult population, was studied using a cross-sectional design. Data was collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 through 2018. A number of covariates were controlled statistically to minimize their influence on the results: age, gender, race, year of assessment, alcohol use, smoking, time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity, total energy intake (kcal), and consumption (g per 1,000 kcal) of dietary fiber, carbohydrate, protein, fat, sugar, and saturated fat.
After adjusting for all the covariates, results showed that in U.S. men, there was a dose-response relationship between higher BMI categories and higher caffeine consumption ( = 4.1, = 0.0092). After adjusting for all the covariates, the relationship between waist circumference and caffeine intake in men was linear ( = 8.0, = 0.0060). In U.S. women, after adjusting for all the covariates, there was a weaker but significant relationship between the BMI categories and caffeine intake ( = 3.4, = 0.0232). In women, the association between waist circumference and caffeine intake was not linear ( = 0.0, = 0.8490), but was quadratic ( = 18.9, < 0.0001) with all the covariates controlled.
Overall, this study found that U.S. men with larger body mass and waist levels consumed higher amounts of caffeine than their counterparts. U.S. women did also, but the relationships were quadratic, not linear like the men's. It appears that the drug, caffeine, has multiple properties that appeal to adults with higher BMI and waist circumference levels. Additional research is needed to better understand why adults with larger body mass and waist sizes consume significantly more caffeine than their counterparts.
咖啡因是一种兴奋剂。它是美国消费最为广泛的药物之一。开展本调查旨在确定体重指数（BMI）、腰围与咖啡因摄入量之间的关系。具体目标是确定BMI较高或腰围较大的成年人与同龄人相比，咖啡因摄入量是更多还是更少。
采用横断面设计，对19660名年龄在20至75岁之间、代表美国成年人口的随机抽样男女进行了研究。数据作为2009年至2018年美国国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）的一部分收集。对一些协变量进行了统计学控制，以尽量减少它们对结果的影响：年龄、性别、种族、评估年份、饮酒情况、吸烟情况、中度至剧烈体育活动的时长、总能量摄入量（千卡）以及膳食纤维、碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、糖和饱和脂肪的摄入量（每1000千卡克数）。
在对所有协变量进行调整后，结果显示，在美国男性中，较高的BMI类别与较高的咖啡因摄入量之间存在剂量反应关系（β = 4.1，P = 0.0092）。在对所有协变量进行调整后，男性腰围与咖啡因摄入量之间的关系呈线性（β = 8.0，P = 0.0060）。在美国女性中，在对所有协变量进行调整后，BMI类别与咖啡因摄入量之间存在较弱但显著的关系（β = 3.4，P = 0.0232）。在女性中，腰围与咖啡因摄入量之间的关联不是线性的（β = 0.0，P = 0.8490），而是二次曲线关系（β = 18.9，P < 0.0001），且所有协变量均得到控制。
总体而言，本研究发现，体重和腰围较大的美国男性比同龄人摄入的咖啡因量更高。美国女性也是如此，但这种关系是二次曲线关系，不像男性那样是线性关系。看来，咖啡因这种药物具有多种特性，对BMI和腰围水平较高的成年人有吸引力。需要进一步研究，以更好地理解为什么体重和腰围较大的成年人比同龄人摄入的咖啡因量显著更多。
