咖啡摄入量、添加糖与长期体重增加的变化——来自三项大型前瞻性美国队列研究的结果。
Changes in Coffee Intake, Added Sugar and Long-Term Weight Gain - Results from Three Large Prospective US Cohort Studies.
机构信息
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; University of Navarra-IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pamplona, Spain.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
出版信息
Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Dec;118(6):1164-1171. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.023. Epub 2023 Oct 1.
BACKGROUND
Consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee has been reported to attenuate long-term weight gain. Whether the association between coffee consumption and weight gain depends on the addition of sugar, cream, or coffee whitener remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to study the associations between changes in coffee consumption, caffeine intake, and weight changes by considering the addition of sugar, cream, or a nondairy coffee whitener.
METHODS
We used 3 large prospective cohorts - the Nurses' Health Study (1986 - 2010), Nurses' Health Study II (1991 - 2015) and Health Professional Follow-up Study (1991 - 2014). We applied multivariable linear regression models with robust variance estimators to assess the association of changes in coffee habits within each 4-y interval with concurrent weight changes. Results across the 3 cohorts were pooled using inverse-variance weights.
RESULTS
After multivariable adjustment, each 1 cup per day increment in unsweetened caffeinated coffee was associated with a reduction in 4-y weight gain of -0.12 kg (95 % CI: -0.18, -0.05 kg) and of -0.12 kg (95 % CI: -0.16, -0.08 kg) for unsweetened decaffeinated coffee. The habits of adding cream or nondairy coffee whitener were not significantly linked to weight changes. Adding a teaspoon of sugar was associated with a 4-y weight gain of +0.09 kg (0.07, 0.12 kg). Stratified analyses suggested stronger magnitude of the observed associations with younger age and higher baseline BMI. Neither caffeine nor coffee modified the association of adding sugar to any food or beverage with weight changes.
CONCLUSIONS
An increase in intake of unsweetened caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was inversely associated with weight gain. The addition of sugar to coffee counteracted coffee's benefit for possible weight management. To the contrary, adding cream or coffee whitener was not associated with greater weight gain.
背景
饮用含咖啡因和脱咖啡因的咖啡已被报道可减轻长期体重增加。然而，咖啡消费与体重增加之间的关联是否取决于糖、奶油或咖啡增白剂的添加仍不清楚。
目的
我们旨在通过考虑添加糖、奶油或非乳制咖啡增白剂，研究咖啡消费、咖啡因摄入变化与体重变化之间的关联。
方法
我们使用了 3 个大型前瞻性队列 - 护士健康研究（1986-2010 年）、护士健康研究 II（1991-2015 年）和健康专业人员随访研究（1991-2014 年）。我们应用具有稳健方差估计量的多变量线性回归模型来评估每个 4 年间隔内咖啡习惯变化与同期体重变化之间的关联。使用逆方差权重对来自 3 个队列的结果进行汇总。
结果
经过多变量调整后，每天每增加 1 杯无甜味含咖啡因咖啡与 4 年体重增加减少 0.12 公斤（95%置信区间：-0.18，-0.05 公斤）和 0.12 公斤（95%置信区间：-0.16，-0.08 公斤）相关；而无甜味脱咖啡因咖啡则无明显关联。添加奶油或非乳制咖啡增白剂的习惯与体重变化无关。添加一茶匙糖与 4 年体重增加 0.09 公斤（0.07，0.12 公斤）相关。分层分析表明，在年龄较小和基线 BMI 较高的人群中，观察到的关联幅度更大。咖啡因或咖啡均不能改变添加糖对任何食物或饮料与体重变化之间的关联。
结论
摄入无甜味含咖啡因和脱咖啡因咖啡的增加与体重增加呈负相关。向咖啡中添加糖会抵消咖啡对可能的体重管理的益处。相反，添加奶油或咖啡增白剂与体重增加无关。
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