Elk and Deer Habituate to Stationary Deterrents in an Agricultural Landscape.

Deterrents that are designed to emulate humans or natural predators are increasingly applied to manage the behaviors and distribution of conflict-prone species, but the efficacy of these tools is frequently challenged by the process of habituation. In this study, we investigated the responses of Roosevelt elk () and black-tailed deer () to playbacks of unimodal (acoustic) and multimodal (acoustic and visual) stimuli on crop fields in the Cowichan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. We contrasted behavioral responses to acoustic recordings of (i) human voices (shouting and talking), (ii) natural predator vocalizations (wolf and cougar), (iii) dog barks, and (iv) local bird vocalizations (control) and tested the effect of flashing LED lights using alternating audio-light and audio-only treatments at the same sites over two 3-week periods. We found that multimodal stimuli increased the likelihood of fleeing by 4.7 in elk and 1.8 in deer but did not affect the time spent in alert postures. Among acoustic treatments, playbacks of human shouts tended to elicit greater flight responses than humans talking, natural predators, dogs, and bird sounds. Both species showed evidence of habituation to the deterrents as the 6-week experiment progressed, but elk responses declined more rapidly than deer, and rates of habituation for both species were slower when deterrents included flashing lights. For deer, alert responses declined more rapidly at sites surrounded by more houses and closer to highways. Together, our results indicate that recordings of humans shouting provided the most salient acoustic deterrent for these ungulates and that acoustic deterrents were enhanced with lights, but habituation to our stationary deterrents occurred rapidly, especially in proximity to human activity.