Demirbaş Yasin, Soysal Hakan, Koca Ayςa Özkan, Stefanović Milomir, Suchentrunk Franz
Department of Biology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Türkiye.
Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, Maltepe University, 34857 Maltepe, İstanbul, Türkiye.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Jun 20;15(13):1828. doi: 10.3390/ani15131828.
Türkiye represents an important biogeographic region connecting Southeast Europe with Southwest Asia, where pig domestication began in the western Palearctic. We studied the phylogenetic relationships and spatial distribution of new and published mitochondrial D-loop sequences of wild boars from Türkiye, other parts of the Middle East, and from around the world to understand migration patterns within Asia Minor and other parts of the Middle East as well as across the Bosphorus/Sea of Marmara/Dardanelles, a current migration barrier to Southwest Europe. Our phylogenetic (ML, BI) and spatial (Geneland) analyses revealed haplotypes both endemic to Anatolia and with a wider distribution in the Middle East as well as European (E1) lineages. The latter suggested possible rare immigration into Anatolia at present times and prehistorical/historical anthropogenic translocations of wild boars or pigs, such as during the pre-Hellenic, Roman, and Byzantine periods or during the European crusades, and subsequent introgression into Anatolian wild boars. Import of pigs with E1 haplotypes and introgression into wild boars during the medieval Empire of Trebizond particularly by Italian merchants or settlers, is also suggested. Anatolian lineages that may have formed the basis of the archaic domestication process of pigs in the western Palearctic are discussed.
土耳其是连接东南欧和西南亚的重要生物地理区域，猪的驯化正是在西古北区的这里开始的。我们研究了来自土耳其、中东其他地区以及世界各地的野猪新的和已发表的线粒体D-loop序列的系统发育关系和空间分布，以了解小亚细亚和中东其他地区以及博斯普鲁斯海峡/马尔马拉海/达达尼尔海峡（目前通往西南欧的迁徙障碍）之间的迁徙模式。我们的系统发育分析（最大似然法、贝叶斯推断法）和空间分析（Geneland）揭示了安纳托利亚特有的单倍型、在中东分布更广的单倍型以及欧洲（E1）谱系。后者表明目前可能有少量野猪迁入安纳托利亚，以及史前/历史时期野猪或猪的人为迁移，例如在前希腊、罗马和拜占庭时期或欧洲十字军东征期间，随后渗入安纳托利亚野猪。研究还表明，在中世纪的特拉布宗帝国时期，特别是通过意大利商人和定居者，带有E1单倍型的猪被引入并渗入野猪群体。本文还讨论了可能构成西古北区猪古老驯化过程基础的安纳托利亚谱系。
