Alsadi Jamal
Faculty of Engineering, Jadara University, Irbid 21110, Jordan.
Polymers (Basel). 2025 Jun 20;17(13):1719. doi: 10.3390/polym17131719.
Many research studies have looked at process characteristics to improve color choices and create more simulation-accurate models. This research evaluated the processing factors speed (Sp), temperature (T), and feed rate (FRate) and employed two response surface techniques, the three-level full-factorial design (3LFFD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD), to optimize uniform processing settings. An experimental approach was employed to optimize process parameters while holding all other variables constant. The Design Expert software enabled the creation of statistical and numerical optimization models, as well as simulated regression models, to find the optimal tristimulus color values with minimal color variance (). The three examined parameters significantly affected the color parameters , , and , and specific mechanical energy (SME) based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, SME was calculated for the experimental trials. A decrease in SME was found as the FRate increased. The collected data were analyzed to determine pigment dispersion using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as micro-CT (MCT) scanner images. Regarding the BBD, the processing conditions revealed a minimum deviation of 0.26 but a maximum design desirability appeal of 87%. The three-level full-factorial design (3LFFD) revealed a maximum desirability of 77% and a minimum acceptable color variation () of 0.25. Therefore, BBD had a marginally superior performance. These results demonstrate that the processing parameters have a significant impact on the output quality, including reducing variation, improving color consistency, minimizing waste, and promoting sustainable production. This study found that both sets of process parameters were statistically significant after comparing the two designs. However, BBD is the preferred design for the selection needed and offers better outcomes in future experiments.
许多研究都着眼于工艺特性，以改进颜色选择并创建更精确的模拟模型。本研究评估了加工因素速度（Sp）、温度（T）和进给速度（FRate），并采用了两种响应面技术，即三级全因子设计（3LFFD）和Box-Behnken设计（BBD），来优化均匀的加工设置。采用实验方法在保持所有其他变量不变的情况下优化工艺参数。Design Expert软件能够创建统计和数值优化模型以及模拟回归模型，以找到具有最小颜色方差（）的最佳三刺激值颜色。基于方差分析（ANOVA），所研究的三个参数对颜色参数、和以及比机械能（SME）有显著影响。此外，还计算了实验试验的SME。发现随着FRate的增加，SME会降低。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以及微型计算机断层扫描（MCT）扫描仪图像对收集的数据进行分析，以确定颜料分散情况。关于BBD，加工条件显示最小偏差为０.26，但最大设计可取性吸引力为87％。三级全因子设计（3LFFD）显示最大可取性为77％，最小可接受颜色变化（）为0.25。因此，BBD的性能略优。这些结果表明，加工参数对输出质量有显著影响，包括减少变化、提高颜色一致性、最小化浪费和促进可持续生产。本研究发现，在比较两种设计后，两组工艺参数在统计上均具有显著性。然而，BBD是所需选择的首选设计，并且在未来的实验中能提供更好的结果。
