Genetic and Morphological Variation Among Populations of Duckweed Species in Thailand.

Duckweeds have emerged as frontier plants in research, food, and bioenergy applications. Consistency in genetic and morphological traits within species is therefore crucial for their effective use. Thailand hosts diverse duckweed populations with representatives from four of the five genera and at least four species recorded. However, the extent of genetic and morphological variation within these species in Thailand remains unclear. Here, we investigated the genetic and morphological variation in four duckweed species-, , , and -collected from 26 sites across Thailand. Using the multilocus sequence typing approach based on three chloroplast genes (, , and ), we show that genetic variation in duckweed is distinct at both inter-species and intra-species levels. Among these four species, exhibits the highest genetic variation, forming four distinct phylogenetic clusters. This is followed by , , and . In addition, we observe that morphological variation, particularly frond aspect ratio, varies significantly among clusters but remains consistent within each cluster of each species. These findings suggest that duckweed populations in Thailand exhibit substantial genetic variation at the intraspecific level, which is closely associated with frond morphological variation.