Wardak Cecylia, Wólczyński Hubert, Malinowski Szymon, Paczosa-Bator Beata, Wardak Magdalena
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
Department of Building Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka St. 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Jun 20;18(13):2932. doi: 10.3390/ma18132932.
Estradiol is a natural estrogen belonging to the group of natural steroid hormones. This paper presents new electrochemical biosensors-simple and low-cost tools for the determination of β-estradiol. The receptor layer of the sensor is the enzyme laccase, which was immobilized on the substrate surface using the soft plasma polymerization technique. This technique is innovative and environmentally friendly as it allows for the effective deposition of the enzyme onto unmodified and modified electrode substrates. Three types of substrates were used: an unmodified glassy carbon electrode and two electrodes modified with composite layers-multi-walled carbon nanotubes combined with CuO nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes combined with carbon nanofibers, respectively. Biosensors modified with such materials have not been described previously. In the course of the study, electrochemical measurement conditions (composition, concentration and pH of the base electrolyte, sensor response time, and interference effects) were optimized, and sensor parameters were determined. It was found that the modification of the substrate electrode increased the sensitivity of the sensor by more than 25 times in both cases and led to a lower detection limit for the sensor modified with the carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofiber composite. The best performance was achieved with the sensor containing the carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber composite layer, which showed a linearity range of 0.1-5 µM, a sensitivity of 7.32 ± 0.22 µA/µM, and a limit of quantification of 0.078 µM. The analytical utility of this biosensor was confirmed by its successful application in the determination of estradiol in pharmaceutical preparations and river water samples.
雌二醇是一种属于天然甾体激素类别的天然雌激素。本文介绍了用于测定β - 雌二醇的新型电化学生物传感器——简单且低成本的工具。该传感器的受体层是漆酶，它通过软等离子体聚合技术固定在基底表面。这项技术具有创新性且环保，因为它能将酶有效地沉积在未修饰和修饰过的电极基底上。使用了三种类型的基底：未修饰的玻碳电极以及分别用复合层修饰的两个电极——多壁碳纳米管与氧化铜纳米颗粒结合的复合层和多壁碳纳米管与碳纳米纤维结合的复合层。此前尚未有过用此类材料修饰的生物传感器的相关描述。在研究过程中，对电化学测量条件（基础电解质的组成、浓度和pH值、传感器响应时间以及干扰效应）进行了优化，并确定了传感器参数。结果发现，在两种情况下，基底电极的修饰都使传感器的灵敏度提高了25倍以上，并且使碳纳米管/碳纳米纤维复合材料修饰的传感器检测限更低。含有碳纳米管/碳纳米纤维复合层的传感器表现出最佳性能，其线性范围为0.1 - 5 μM，灵敏度为7.32 ± 0.22 μA/μM，定量限为0.078 μM。该生物传感器在药物制剂和河水样品中雌二醇测定的成功应用证实了其分析实用性。
