Yushananta Prayudhy, Putri Muflichah Febriani Eka
Department of Environmental Health, Tanjungkarang Health Polytechnic, Lampung, Indonesia.
JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2024 Sep;62(277):564-569. doi: 10.31729/jnma.8744. Epub 2024 Sep 30.
Typhoid fever is an endemic disease that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. A case-control study was conducted to understand the risk factors for typhoid fever.
The study applied the case-control method to compare past exposure between participants who had typhoid fever (cases) and participants who did not have typhoid fever (controls) after obtaining ethical approval (No. 244/KEPK-TJK/III/2023). We identified and surveyed patients with typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. Control subjects were randomly selected neighbors of cases with no history of typhoid fever. Both cases and controls were interviewed at home. During the visit, a structured observation of their living environment was performed. Multivariable analysis was applied using logistic regression and odds ratio to evaluate the relationship between exposure and risk of typhoid fever. Data collected was entered into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) after being checked for completeness, edited, and coded.
The study found that typhoid fever was significantly associated with not washing hands with soap (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 6.08; 95% CI 2.43 - 15.21), eating unwashed raw vegetables (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.63; 95% CI 1.62 - 11.73); eating mobile food (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 10.89; 95% CI 4.08 - 29.05); eating street food (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 3.28; 95% CI 1.27 - 8.45); no access to safe drinking water (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 6.08; 95% CI 2.11 - 17.52); no access to healthy latrines (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 3.59; 95% CI 1.47 - 8.78).
The study found that typhoid fever was associated with inadequate food and personal hygiene, and poor housing.
伤寒热是一种地方性疾病，在低收入和中等收入国家会导致大量发病和死亡。开展了一项病例对照研究以了解伤寒热的风险因素。
该研究采用病例对照方法，在获得伦理批准（编号244/KEPK - TJK/III/2023）后，比较患伤寒热的参与者（病例组）和未患伤寒热的参与者（对照组）过去的暴露情况。我们识别并调查了经血培养确诊的伤寒热患者。对照对象是随机选择的无伤寒热病史的病例邻居。病例组和对照组均在家中接受访谈。在访视期间，对他们的生活环境进行了结构化观察。使用逻辑回归和比值比进行多变量分析，以评估暴露与伤寒热风险之间的关系。收集到的数据在检查完整性、编辑和编码后输入社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）。
研究发现，伤寒热与不用肥皂洗手（调整后比值比 = 6.08；95%置信区间2.43 - 15.21）、食用未清洗的生蔬菜（调整后比值比 = 4.63；95%置信区间1.62 - 11.73）、食用流动摊贩食物（调整后比值比 = 10.89；95%置信区间4.08 - 29.05）、食用街头食品（调整后比值比 = 3.28；95%置信区间1.27 - 8.45）、无法获得安全饮用水（调整后比值比 = 6.08；95%置信区间2.11 - 17.52）、没有卫生厕所（调整后比值比 = 3.59；95%置信区间1.47 - 8.78）显著相关。
研究发现，伤寒热与食物和个人卫生不足以及住房条件差有关。
