New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review Article.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucose homeostasis. Despite advances in understanding its clinical presentation and management, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Recent research has unveiled novel insights into the intricate interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in the development and progression of T2DM. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these emerging paradigms, including the role of gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, lipid toxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the influence of β-cell heterogeneity, the interplay of incretin hormones, and the impact of circadian rhythms on glucose metabolism are explored. These insights pave the way for precision medicine approaches, offering new therapeutic targets and personalized strategies for T2DM management. By synthesizing current evidence, this review highlights the multifactorial nature of T2DM and underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to unravel its complexities.