Panel data analysis of spatial effects carbapenem-resistant organisms in mainland China.

Carbapenem-Resistant Organisms (CROs) pose a serious threat to human health, which is a significant concern and urgently requires further research. However, the spatial effects of CROs are under explored. Data were obtained from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, covering the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in 30 provinces from 2014 to 2023.Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and effect decomposition were used to determine the spatial effects of CROs and their influencing factors including urbanization rate (UR), the number of health institutions (HOS), annual GDP per capita (PGDP), annual pesticide usage (PUSE) and PM. Spillover of spatial effects were observed among CROs significantly. CRKP and CRPA demonstrated spatial clustering; CRPA and CRAB exhibited negative spatial effect spillovers. It implies that regions with high levels of CROs and the dynamic changes between regions should be given more attention first. This study has further identified significant associations between the spatial effects of CROs and various factors, including the aggregation and mobility of population, socioeconomic factors, as well as soil and air pollution. It is crucial to recognize the roles of these factors in the spatial spread of CROs, as it provides a new perspective for the prevention and control of CROs.