Association between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and clinical antibiotic resistance: a global analysis.

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global issue, causing millions of deaths worldwide every year. Particulate matter (PM) has diverse elements of antibiotic resistance that increase its spread after inhalation. However, understanding of the contribution of PM to global antibiotic resistance is poor. Through univariate and multivariable analysis, we aimed to present the first global estimates of antibiotic resistance and burden of premature deaths attributable to antibiotic resistance resulting from PM pollution.

METHODS

For this global analysis, data on multiple potential predictors (ie, air pollution, antibiotic use, sanitation services, economics, health expenditure, population, education, climate, year, and region) were collected in 116 countries from 2000 to 2018 to estimate the effect of PM on antibiotic resistance via univariate and multivariable analysis. Data were obtained from ResistanceMap, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Surveillance Atlas (antimicrobial-resistance sources), and PLISA Health Information Platform for the Americas. Future global aggregate antibiotic resistance and premature mortality trends derived from PM in different scenarios (eg, 50% reduced antibiotic use or PM controlled to 5 μg/m) were projected until 2050.

FINDINGS

The final dataset included more than 11·5 million tested isolates. Raw antibiotic-resistance data included nine pathogens and 43 types of antibiotic agents. Significant correlations between PM and antibiotic resistance were consistent globally in most antibiotic-resistant bacteria (R=0·42-0·76, p<0·0001), and correlations have strengthened over time. Antibiotic resistance derived from PM caused an estimated 0·48 (95% CI 0·34-0·60) million premature deaths and 18·2 (13·4-23·0) million years of life lost in 2018 worldwide, corresponding to an annual welfare loss of US$395 (290-500) billion due to premature deaths. The 5 μg/m target of concentration of PM in the air quality guidelines set by WHO, if reached in 2050, was estimated to reduce antibiotic resistance by 16·8% (95% CI 15·3-18·3) and avoid 23·4% (21·2-25·6) of premature deaths attributable to antibiotic resistance, equivalent to a saving of $640 (580-671) billion.

INTERPRETATION

This analysis is the first to describe the association between PM and clinical antibiotic resistance globally. Results provide new pathways for antibiotic-resistance control from an environmental perspective.

FUNDING

National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund, and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.