Gene regulatory networks and essential transcription factors for de novo-originated genes.

The regulation of gene expression is crucial for the functional integration of evolutionarily young genes, particularly those that emerge de novo. However, the regulatory programmes governing the expression of de novo genes remain unknown. To address this, we applied computational methods to single-cell RNA sequencing data, identifying key transcription factors probably instrumental in regulating de novo genes. We found that transcription factors do not have the same propensity for regulating de novo genes; some transcription factors regulate more de novo genes than others. Leveraging genetic and genomic tools in Drosophila, we further examined the role of two key transcription factors, achintya and vismay, and the regulatory architecture of new genes. Our findings identify key transcription factors associated with the expression of de novo genes and highlight how transcription factors, and possibly their duplications, are linked to the expressional regulation of de novo genes.