Wang Wenhui, Qiao Shuya, Kong Xianghui, Zhang Gensheng, Cai Zhijian
Department of Orthopedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Cell Mol Immunol. 2025 Jul 14. doi: 10.1038/s41423-025-01323-5.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, are released by various cells. Among these subtypes, exosomes have been extensively studied and demonstrated to be crucial mediators of intercellular communication involving multiple physiological and pathological processes. Four primary steps influence the biogenesis of exosomes: generation of early endosomes, formation and maturation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), MVB and plasma membrane fusion for exosome release, and MVB fusion with lysosomes for degradation. During the formation and maturation of MVBs, the main effector molecules, such as RNAs and proteins, are sorted into exosomes via diverse mechanisms. However, the effector molecules of exosomes are dynamic and reflect cell states in real time. Therefore, exosomes secreted by cells under disease conditions are often pathogenic. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of exosome biogenesis and the immunopathological effects of exosomes. In addition, potential strategies to mitigate the pathological effects of exosomes are summarized in this review.
细胞外囊泡（EVs），包括外泌体、微泡和凋亡小体，由各种细胞释放。在这些亚型中，外泌体已得到广泛研究，并被证明是涉及多种生理和病理过程的细胞间通讯的关键介质。影响外泌体生物发生的主要有四个步骤：早期内体的产生、多泡体（MVBs）的形成和成熟、MVB与质膜融合以释放外泌体，以及MVB与溶酶体融合以进行降解。在MVB的形成和成熟过程中，主要的效应分子，如RNA和蛋白质，通过多种机制被分选到外泌体中。然而，外泌体的效应分子是动态的，实时反映细胞状态。因此，疾病状态下细胞分泌的外泌体往往具有致病性。本综述重点介绍了对外泌体生物发生的最新认识以及外泌体的免疫病理效应。此外，本综述还总结了减轻外泌体病理效应的潜在策略。
