Iqbal Dure Najaf, Khaliq Sohail, Mehdi Muhammad Zaeem, Mughram Mohammed H Al, Ahmed Mahmood
Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
Mol Divers. 2025 Jul 15. doi: 10.1007/s11030-025-11289-1.
Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are emerging as versatile platforms for advanced drug delivery due to their unique structural, photophysical, and coordination properties. These macrocyclic compounds, known for their chemical stability and capacity to chelate various metal ions, address critical challenges in drug delivery, including poor solubility, non-specific toxicity, and limited control over drug release. This review explores synthetic strategies for porphyrins and their metal complexes, including classical and green methods, and highlights their therapeutic applications through diverse nanocarrier systems, such as gold nanoparticles, cyclodextrin conjugates, mesoporous silica, liposomes, and metal-organic frameworks. These systems offer stimuli-responsive, targeted, and synergistic therapeutic functionalities-especially in cancer therapy-by combining chemotherapy with photodynamic or sonodynamic modalities. Despite their promise, limitations persist, including scalability issues, potential metal toxicity, and insufficient long-term biocompatibility data. The review outlines future directions, advocating for AI-driven design, sustainable synthesis, and expanded applications beyond oncology, emphasizing the need for systematic comparative studies and clinical translation efforts.
卟啉和金属卟啉因其独特的结构、光物理和配位性质，正成为先进药物递送的多功能平台。这些大环化合物以其化学稳定性和螯合各种金属离子的能力而闻名，解决了药物递送中的关键挑战，包括溶解度差、非特异性毒性和药物释放控制有限。本文综述了卟啉及其金属配合物的合成策略，包括经典方法和绿色方法，并通过多种纳米载体系统，如金纳米颗粒、环糊精缀合物、介孔二氧化硅、脂质体和金属有机框架，突出了它们的治疗应用。这些系统通过将化疗与光动力或声动力模式相结合，提供刺激响应、靶向和协同治疗功能，特别是在癌症治疗中。尽管它们前景广阔，但仍存在局限性，包括可扩展性问题、潜在的金属毒性和长期生物相容性数据不足。本文综述概述了未来的方向，倡导人工智能驱动的设计、可持续合成以及肿瘤学以外的扩展应用，强调了系统比较研究和临床转化努力的必要性。
