Unravelling Evolutionary and Ecological Insights of Foraminifera by Using Next Generation Sequencing: A Review.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed our understanding of foraminifera biology by revealing cryptic diversity, clarifying phylogenetic relationships, and elucidating adaptive mechanisms previously inaccessible through morphological studies alone. This review delves into the potential of NGS in uncovering the secrets of foraminifera. We examine the current state of knowledge, recent breakthroughs, and future directions in applying NGS to foraminiferal research. Specifically, this study highlights how NGS enhances our understanding of foraminiferal taxonomy, adaptation to environmental changes, and functional genomics. Additionally, this review explores the potential of NGS to elucidate the genetic basis of foraminiferal shell formation, symbiotic relationships, and their responses to environmental stressors. We also address challenges and limitations associated with foraminiferal NGS, such as genome assembly complexities, intra-species heterogeneity, and sampling biases. Overall, this review aims to promote further research and collaboration in foraminiferal genomics, ultimately enhancing knowledge of these ecologically significant organisms and their contributions to marine ecosystems and paleoenvironments.