Jamal Adil, Arif Amina, Kiran Shumaila, Shahid Muhammad Naveed, Hossain Md Belal
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 715, Saudi Arabia.
Scientifica (Cairo). 2025 Jul 8;2025:1669969. doi: 10.1155/sci5/1669969. eCollection 2025.
holds significant therapeutic value in Indian traditional medicine, since it is utilized for the treatment of several diseases. The current study was performed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antioxidant radical scavenging (DPPH), and hemolytic and antimicrobial activities of organic fractions of leaves. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, antioxidant components, phenolics, and flavonoids were conducted using organic solvents, including methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous solutions. The bioactive fractions extracted from the leaf were tested against pathogenic organisms (, and ) using the agar well diffusion and microdilution broth method. Hemolytic assay was employed to measure erythrocyte damage in response to bioactive fractions. Our study reflected the presence of bioactive constituents (alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and quinones) with abundance of these found in all except -hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous. All extracts contained significant amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids (μg/mg). DPPH activity measured was maximum in methanolic aqueous followed by -hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and -butanol. Methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions showed maximum inhibition antibacterial activity in all Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains while antifungal activity tested in all fungal strains against all fractions showed promising inhibition. The results of our investigation indicate that the organic fractions exhibited reduced hemolytic activity, suggesting an enhanced medicinal potential and decreased toxicity of extracts. Based on the current results, it can be inferred that extracts derived from have diverse potential and urge further investigation as a possible reservoir of metabolites, antioxidants, and antibacterial compounds. Nevertheless, it is imperative to utilize an appropriate and standardized solvent extraction methodology in order to recover possible phytochemicals and antioxidants that possess therapeutic properties from .
在印度传统医学中具有重要的治疗价值，因为它被用于治疗多种疾病。本研究旨在评估叶片有机组分的植物化学特征、抗氧化自由基清除能力（DPPH）以及溶血和抗菌活性。使用包括甲醇、正己烷、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水溶液在内的有机溶剂对植物化学物质、抗氧化成分、酚类和黄酮类进行定性和定量分析。采用琼脂孔扩散法和微量稀释肉汤法对从叶片中提取的生物活性组分进行针对致病微生物（……）的测试。采用溶血试验来测量生物活性组分对红细胞的损伤。我们的研究表明存在生物活性成分（生物碱、皂苷、单宁、黄酮类、萜类、强心苷和醌类），除正己烷、乙酸乙酯和水相外，其他相中这些成分含量丰富。所有提取物都含有大量的总酚和总黄酮（μg/mg）。所测DPPH活性在甲醇水溶液中最高，其次是正己烷、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和正丁醇。甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水相组分在所有革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌株中均表现出最大的抗菌活性，而在所有真菌菌株中测试的所有组分的抗真菌活性均显示出有前景的抑制作用。我们的研究结果表明，有机组分的溶血活性降低，表明提取物的药用潜力增强且毒性降低。基于目前的结果，可以推断从……中提取的提取物具有多种潜力，并促使进一步研究其作为代谢物、抗氧化剂和抗菌化合物的可能来源。然而，必须采用适当且标准化的溶剂提取方法，以便从……中回收具有治疗特性的可能的植物化学物质和抗氧化剂。
