BACKGROUND

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown cause with a highly variable clinical course. The inability to predict progressive inflammation, fibrosis, or both underscores the limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to identify novel protein signatures associated with distinct pulmonary phenotypes of sarcoidosis, including progressive inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and disease resolution.

METHODS

We performed the SomaScan 11K Assay to measure more than 10,000 unique human plasma proteins and compared protein expression between chest CT-defined phenotypes using principal component analysis, differential expression, correlation analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

We identified distinct proteomic signatures that differentiate progressive fibrosis from progressive nodular inflammation in sarcoidosis. Enrichment and differential expression analyses revealed that progressive fibrosis was associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways, while progressive nodular disease was linked to mTORC1 and MYC signaling, as well as metabolic activation. Additionally, expression of 44 proteins correlated moderately to strongly with thoracic lymph node enlargement, suggesting that lymph node-driven immune activity may be a major source of circulating proteomic signals.

CONCLUSIONS

This study leverages a unique longitudinal imaging approach to define extreme pulmonary phenotypes based on serial chest CT scoring, enabling the discovery of proteomic signals linked to distinct trajectories of sarcoidosis progression. Once validated, these findings could inform the development of blood-based biomarkers for disease stratification, monitoring, and therapeutic targeting in sarcoidosis.