Piao Haozhe, Jiang Yuxin, Jin Shengbo, Shi Jie, Yu Jun, Wang Wenping, Du Zhenguang, Yao Huini, Liu Qian, Li Ningxin, Fu Jiaqing, Shen Yue, Li Mingzhu
Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 Jul 2;16:1614640. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1614640. eCollection 2025.
The complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which is composed of mainly tumor cells, immune cells, and cytokines, is a major obstacle limiting the effectiveness of immunotherapy, and the interactions among these factors in the TIME determine the efficacy of antitumor immunity. Over the past few years, nanomaterials, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, multifunctionality, and good targeting ability, have gradually become important tools for modulating the immune microenvironment. By precisely delivering immunomodulatory factors, nanomaterials can effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs), enhance the function of effector T cells, and reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In addition, nanomaterials can alleviate the local hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment, which in turn promotes immune cell function and enhances the antitumor immune effect. In light of the aforementioned associations, we summarize the existing studies, systematically describe the latest research progress on the use of nanomaterials in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, and analyze the potential applications and challenges in tumor immunotherapy, with the goal of providing new therapeutic directions and strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
肿瘤免疫微环境（TIME）主要由肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞和细胞因子组成，其复杂性是限制免疫治疗有效性的主要障碍，且这些因素在TIME中的相互作用决定了抗肿瘤免疫的疗效。在过去几年中，纳米材料由于其独特的物理化学性质、多功能性和良好的靶向能力，已逐渐成为调节免疫微环境的重要工具。通过精确递送免疫调节因子，纳米材料可有效激活树突状细胞（DC），增强效应T细胞的功能，并逆转肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）的免疫抑制状态。此外，纳米材料可缓解肿瘤局部缺氧和酸性微环境，进而促进免疫细胞功能并增强抗肿瘤免疫效应。鉴于上述关联，我们总结现有研究，系统描述纳米材料在调节肿瘤免疫微环境方面的最新研究进展，并分析其在肿瘤免疫治疗中的潜在应用和挑战，旨在为肿瘤免疫治疗提供新的治疗方向和策略。
