Nanoparticles and bone microenvironment: a comprehensive review for malignant bone tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Malignant bone tumors, which are difficult to treat with current clinical strategies, originate from bone tissues and can be classified into primary and secondary types. Due to the specificity of the bone microenvironment, the results of traditional means of treating bone tumors are often unsatisfactory, so there is an urgent need to develop new treatments for malignant bone tumors. Recently, nanoparticle-based approaches have shown great potential in diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention due to their versatility, making them highly suitable for applications in bone tissue engineering, advanced imaging techniques, and targeted drug delivery. For diagnosis, NPs enhance imaging contrast and sensitivity by integrating targeting ligands, which significantly improve the specific recognition and localization of tumor cells for early detection. For treatment, NPs enable targeted drug delivery, increasing drug accumulation at tumor sites while reducing systemic toxicity. In conclusion, understanding bone microenvironment and using the unique properties of NPs holds great promise in improving disease management, enhancing treatment outcomes, and ultimately improving the quality of life for patients with malignant bone tumors. Further research and development will undoubtedly contribute to the advancement of personalized medicine in the field of bone oncology.