Caffeine Consumption Patterns, Health Impacts, and Media Influence: A Narrative Review.

Caffeine is widely recognized as the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. This review critically evaluates the physiological, psychological, and societal aspects of caffeine consumption, including the influence of media and evolving global consumption patterns. Key areas of focus include caffeine's potential cognitive and physical effects, such as influences on memory, mood, and physical performance, alongside commonly discussed concerns such as dependence, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular implications. The review explores how high levels of caffeine intake may lead to adverse health outcomes and considers the influence of media and advertising in shaping consumption behaviors, especially amongst younger populations and in rapidly developing regions. The review highlights the role of media in normalizing caffeine use and its potential impact on consumer behavior. The implications of these trends suggest a pressing need for further research into the long-term health consequences of caffeine consumption and for public health strategies that address the risks of overconsumption, particularly in high-risk demographics.