Kamalakannan Madesh, Gudla Komala
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India; Department of Product Development, ATGC Biotech Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, 500 078, India.
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Sep;391:126559. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126559. Epub 2025 Jul 18.
Chemical pesticides have long served as a primary strategy for insect pest control. However, their excessive and repeated application has led to widespread environmental contamination, adverse effects on non-target organisms, accumulation in ecosystems, and increased cases of insecticide resistance. These effects not only disrupt ecological balance but also pose significant risks to human and animal health. In response, Nanoformulations (NFs) offer precise delivery with a reduced environmental footprint and minimal harm to non-target organisms. They are classified based on the type of nanomaterials used and their specific functional applications in pest control. Optimizing their physicochemical properties is crucial for enhancing bioactivity and formulation stability. These parameters can be analyzed using advanced characterization techniques. Engineered NFs act through multiple pathways to target a wide range of insect pests, including sap feeders, defoliators, borers, and mites. Their mode of action includes adhesion to the insect cuticle and ingestion-mediated uptake. Once internalized, they interfere with midgut enzymatic activity, cellular uptake mechanisms, and cause mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to oxidative stress, ATP depletion, neurotoxicity, and genotoxic effects. These disruptions compromise insect physiology and result in mortality. Additionally, NFs enable controlled and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms, triggered by specific biotic or environmental cues. This smart release enhances target precision while minimizing off-target exposure. Their integration into pest management programs supports site-specific, low-dose applications aligned with the goals of precision agriculture. This review critically explores the mechanisms, functional properties, and application potential of nano-formulated insecticides as a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional practices.
化学农药长期以来一直是害虫防治的主要策略。然而，它们的过度和反复使用导致了广泛的环境污染、对非目标生物的不利影响、在生态系统中的积累以及杀虫剂抗性案例的增加。这些影响不仅破坏生态平衡，还对人类和动物健康构成重大风险。作为回应，纳米制剂（NFs）提供精确递送，具有减少的环境足迹和对非目标生物的最小危害。它们根据所使用的纳米材料类型及其在害虫防治中的特定功能应用进行分类。优化其物理化学性质对于提高生物活性和制剂稳定性至关重要。这些参数可以使用先进的表征技术进行分析。工程化的纳米制剂通过多种途径作用于广泛的害虫，包括吸食汁液的害虫、食叶害虫、蛀干害虫和螨虫。它们的作用方式包括粘附在昆虫表皮上以及通过摄食介导的摄取。一旦被内化，它们会干扰中肠酶活性、细胞摄取机制，并导致线粒体功能障碍，从而导致氧化应激、ATP耗竭、神经毒性和遗传毒性效应。这些破坏会损害昆虫的生理机能并导致死亡。此外，纳米制剂能够实现由特定生物或环境线索触发的可控和刺激响应释放机制。这种智能释放提高了目标精准度，同时将非目标暴露降至最低。它们融入害虫管理计划支持与精准农业目标相一致的特定地点、低剂量应用。本综述批判性地探讨了纳米配方杀虫剂作为传统做法的可持续和有效替代方案的作用机制、功能特性和应用潜力。
