Advancing innovative techniques in arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi propagation: A key to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play pivotal roles in enhancing plant nutrient acquisition and overall ecosystem sustainability. The propagation of AMF involves several methodologies tailored to address specific research or practical objectives. So, enhancing methods for propagating AMF is pivotal for fostering sustainable agriculture and maintaining ecosystem balance at the application level. However, traditional substrate-based techniques focus on the isolation, purification, and cultivation of AMF spores, thereby enabling the establishment of pure cultures. Hydroponic and aeroponic systems have emerged as valuable platforms for AMF cultivation, offering controlled environments to study spore germination, hyphal growth, and mycorrhizal colonization. In addition, this review explores the significance of root-organ culture techniques in the propagation and study of AMF. As the demand for sustainable agriculture increases, the application of AMF in agroecosystems has gained prominence. This review discusses the implementation of these techniques in conventional and organic farming systems. In conclusion, this review synthesizes the diverse methodologies employed in AMF propagation, from traditional spore-based techniques to cutting-edge approaches. The integration of these techniques not only deepens our understanding of AMF biology but also holds promise for sustainable agricultural practices and ecosystem management.