Comparative heterogeneity, soil properties and ecosystem services across different ecotypes in the soon Valley.

This study investigated the phytosociological patterns, soil physicochemical properties, and ecosystem services provided by native plants in Soon Valley. The primary objective was to assess variations in plant diversity, soil characteristics, and ecosystem services, specifically carbon sequestration and soil erosion prevention across six sites such as Khabeki (S1), Khoora (S2), Dape Sharif (S3), Anga (S4), Knotti Garden (S5), and Jallar (S6). Quadrat-based sampling and allometric equations were used to evaluate plant diversity and carbon storage potential, whereas soil erodibility was analyzed via the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Significant physicochemical and soil differences were found among the sites. Knotti Garden presented the highest phosphorus (17.2 mg/kg), and potassium (281 mg/kg) levels. The organic matter content ranged from 2.07 to 1.23% and the soil saturation ranged from 75.21 to 51.83%. Justicia adhatoda was the dominant species in terms of frequency, density, and cover whereas Acacia modesta presented strong ecological performance. Tecomella undulata at Dape Sharif stored up to 467,077 kg of biomass derived carbon, whereas Mangifera indica at Knotti Garden sequestered 158,789 kg, indicating strong site-species carbon relationships. These findings highlight the ecological significance of site-specific management and native species in supporting sustainable ecosystem services in semiarid regions.