Green Synthetic Strategies for Pyrazole Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review.

Pyrazole derivatives have emerged as a vital class of heterocyclic compounds due to their wide range of biological activities and promising therapeutic applications. In recent years, the shift toward greener and more sustainable chemical practices has fueled interest in the eco-friendly synthesis of pyrazole-based molecules. This review presents recent advancements in the green synthesis of pyrazole scaffolds, with a special focus on methods that avoid hazardous reagents, employ green solvents, utilize renewable energy sources, and incorporate recyclable catalysts. Emphasis is placed on synthetic strategies that are not only efficient and high-yielding but also operationally simple, atom-economical, and environmentally benign. Mechanistic insights into selected reactions are also provided to illustrate functional group tolerance and reaction efficiency. Overall, this review captures the growing role of green chemistry in heterocyclic synthesis and highlights its significance in developing sustainable pathways for pyrazole derivatives, serving as a valuable reference for researchers in both academia and industry.