Singh Solorzano Claudio, De Cillis Floriana, Mombelli Elisa, Saleri Samantha, Marizzoni Moira, Cattaneo Annamaria
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
Brain Behav Immun Health. 2025 Jul 4;48:101057. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101057. eCollection 2025 Oct.
Depression is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that results from a combination of genetic vulnerability, environmental stressors, and dysregulated biological processes. While systemic inflammation and gut dysbiosis have been extensively investigated in the context of depression, the role of the oral microbiome has only recently begun to emerge. The oral microbiome is a highly diverse and dynamic ecosystem, comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, which coexist in a delicate balance with the host's immune system. This microbial community plays a fundamental role in maintaining not only oral health, but also systemic homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in this balance, or oral dysbiosis, may contribute to a range of systemic inflammatory conditions, including psychiatric disorders such as depression. Factors comprising periodontal disease, dental infections, and poor oral hygiene can lead to an imbalance in oral microbial composition, promoting immune system activation, chronic inflammation and microbial translocation, which are increasingly recognised mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression. This review delves into the emerging evidence linking oral dysbiosis to depression, elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms and their clinical implications. By bridging the gap between oral health and mental well-being, it underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing depression-one that extends beyond conventional psychiatric treatments to include oral health interventions as a viable component of comprehensive care strategies.
抑郁症是一种复杂的异质性疾病，由遗传易感性、环境应激源和生物过程失调共同导致。虽然系统性炎症和肠道微生物群失调在抑郁症背景下已得到广泛研究，但口腔微生物群的作用直到最近才开始显现。口腔微生物群是一个高度多样化和动态的生态系统，由细菌、真菌、病毒和古细菌组成，它们与宿主的免疫系统在微妙的平衡中共存。这个微生物群落不仅在维持口腔健康方面发挥着重要作用，而且在维持全身内环境稳定方面也发挥着重要作用。新出现的证据表明，这种平衡的破坏，即口腔微生物群失调，可能导致一系列系统性炎症疾病，包括抑郁症等精神疾病。包括牙周病、牙齿感染和口腔卫生不良在内的因素可导致口腔微生物组成失衡，促进免疫系统激活、慢性炎症和微生物易位，这些都是抑郁症病理生理学中越来越被认可的机制。这篇综述深入探讨了将口腔微生物群失调与抑郁症联系起来的新证据，阐明了潜在的生物学机制及其临床意义。通过弥合口腔健康与心理健康之间的差距，它强调了多学科方法在治疗抑郁症方面的重要性——这种方法超越了传统的精神科治疗，将口腔健康干预作为综合护理策略的一个可行组成部分。
