Desouky Hesham Eed, Sayed Nouran Mahmoud, Abasubong Kenneth Prudence, Zhang Ziping
College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.
State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China.
J Comp Physiol B. 2025 Jul 21. doi: 10.1007/s00360-025-01626-z.
High-fat diets (HFDs) are increasingly being studied in aquaculture because of their complex species-specific effects on fish physiology. While moderate fat levels can lower feed costs, supply essential fatty acids, and promote growth in some carnivorous and fast-growing species, excessive fat intake is linked to negative outcomes, such as impaired lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis, immune suppression, and reduced growth. Although some studies have reported improved growth in zebrafish and other tolerant species, most finfish exhibited growth inhibition, metabolic dysfunction, and greater disease susceptibility under prolonged HFD exposure. Mechanistically, HFDs disrupt lipid homeostasis by downregulating lipolytic genes (e.g., cpt1a, pparα, and atgl) and upregulating lipogenic genes (e.g., srebp-1, fas, and acc), resulting in hepatic lipid accumulation. These shifts are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative stress, and activation of ER stress pathways such as ire1/xbp1. HFDs also stimulate inflammatory pathways through tlrs, nf-κb, and cytokines (il-6, tnf-α, and il-1β), contributing to immunometabolic imbalances. Additionally, HFDs negatively affect intestinal health by altering morphology, weakening barrier function, and disrupting microbiota composition, leading to poor nutrient absorption and increased infection risk. This review provides current evidence of HFD-induced changes in growth, immunity, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and gut health in finfish. This emphasizes the importance of species-specific dietary fat optimization to improve feed efficiency, safeguard fish health, and ensure sustainable aquaculture practices.
由于高脂饮食（HFDs）对鱼类生理具有复杂的物种特异性影响，其在水产养殖中的研究日益增多。虽然适度的脂肪水平可以降低饲料成本、提供必需脂肪酸并促进一些肉食性和快速生长物种的生长，但过量摄入脂肪会导致负面结果，如脂质代谢受损、肝脂肪变性、免疫抑制和生长减缓。尽管一些研究报告称斑马鱼和其他耐受性物种的生长有所改善，但大多数硬骨鱼在长期暴露于HFDs时表现出生长抑制、代谢功能障碍和更高的疾病易感性。从机制上讲，HFDs通过下调脂解基因（如cpt1a、pparα和atgl）和上调脂肪生成基因（如srebp-1、fas和acc）来破坏脂质稳态，导致肝脏脂质积累。这些变化与线粒体功能障碍、脂肪酸β-氧化减少、氧化应激以及IRE1/XBP1等内质网应激途径的激活有关。HFDs还通过Tlr、NF-κB和细胞因子（IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β）刺激炎症途径导致免疫代谢失衡。此外，HFDs通过改变形态、削弱屏障功能和破坏微生物群组成对肠道健康产生负面影响，导致营养吸收不良和感染风险增加。本综述提供了HFDs诱导硬骨鱼生长、免疫、脂质代谢、线粒体功能和肠道健康变化的当前证据。这强调了物种特异性饮食脂肪优化对提高饲料效率、保障鱼类健康和确保可持续水产养殖实践的重要性。
