Khan Imran, Malik Suheel Abdullah, Daraz Amil, Bareer Baitullah
Department of Electrical and computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 22;15(1):26634. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10835-z.
Microgrid frequency control faces challenges due to load fluctuations and the intermittent nature of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs). The Load Frequency Control (LFC) scheme has been a profoundly investigated matter for decades for achieving a consistent frequency. This study introduces a novel cascaded Integral-Proportional-Proportional Derivative with Filter (I-P)-PDN controller designed to mitigate frequency deviations in microgrids incorporating Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Turbine Generator (WTG), Fuel Cells (FCs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and Diesel Engine Generators (DEGs). To optimize the controller's parameters, the recently introduced Black-winged Kite Algorithm (BKA) is employed for its superior search efficiency and quick convergence. Simulation results show that the (I-P) cascaded PDN controller significantly outperforms existing controllers, such as PID, and PI-based models, by reducing frequency deviations, improving settling time, and minimizing overshoot and error indices. There is notable 77% reduction in overshoot (OSH) and 52% decrease in undershoot (USH) in tie-line power variations. Moreover, the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) is reduced by 42.3%, the Integral Time weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) by 85%, and the Integral Squared Error (ISE) by 98%. The study also examines the role of EVs as flexible energy storage, demonstrating their contribution to system resilience and stability. This approach offers a robust solution for effective frequency regulation in modern microgrids, ensuring reliable performance in dynamic conditions.
由于负载波动以及可再生能源（RES）的间歇性，微电网频率控制面临挑战。数十年来，负载频率控制（LFC）方案一直是为实现频率稳定而深入研究的课题。本研究介绍了一种新型的带滤波器的级联积分-比例-比例微分（I-P）-PDN控制器，该控制器旨在减轻包含光伏（PV）、风力发电机组（WTG）、燃料电池（FC）、电动汽车（EV）、电池储能系统（BESS）和柴油发动机发电机（DEG）的微电网中的频率偏差。为了优化控制器参数，采用了最近提出的黑翅鸢算法（BKA），因为它具有卓越的搜索效率和快速收敛性。仿真结果表明，（I-P）级联PDN控制器通过减少频率偏差、改善调节时间以及最小化超调量和误差指标，显著优于现有的控制器，如PID和基于PI的模型。联络线功率变化中的超调量（OSH）显著降低了77%，欠调量（USH）降低了52%。此外，积分绝对误差（IAE）降低了42.3%，积分时间加权绝对误差（ITAE）降低了85%，积分平方误差（ISE）降低了98%。该研究还考察了电动汽车作为灵活储能的作用，证明了它们对系统弹性和稳定性的贡献。这种方法为现代微电网中的有效频率调节提供了一种强大的解决方案，确保了动态条件下的可靠性能。
