Zhang Shiwei, Liu Xinghan, Trik Mohammad
School of Electrical Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, Henan, China.
School of Software Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 23;15(1):26803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12321-y.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have garnered considerable interest for their ability to gather and transmit data in applications including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and military surveillance. The constrained energy supply of sensors, frequently dependent on non-rechargeable batteries, presents a significant issue in the design and efficacy of these networks. This paper introduces EEM-LEACH-ABC, a novel energy-efficient clustering and routing protocol for WSNs using the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm. The protocol integrates three main mechanisms of region-based energy-aware clustering using network partitioning, optimized multi-hop communication paths, and a hierarchical tree structure for efficient data aggregation. ABC dynamically selects Cluster Heads (CHs) and routing paths based on key parameters including residual energy, transmission distance, Cluster Head Ratio (CR), and multi-objective weighting coefficients. Simulation results under different scenarios - including centralized, edge, and corner base station placements - show that EEM-LEACH-ABC outperforms existing protocols such as MHCRP, SBOA, and HChOA in terms of First Node Death (FND), Half Node Death (HND), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and energy consumption. Specifically, the protocol achieves up to 216% improvement in FND and 29% increase in packet delivery at the base station. Furthermore, the protocol adapts to interference, node failures, and mobile sensor nodes, thereby ensuring robustness and scalability in real-world deployments. Parameters are automatically optimized using ABC to minimize energy imbalance and increase network lifetime.
无线传感器网络（WSN）因其能够在包括环境监测、工业自动化和军事监视等应用中收集和传输数据而备受关注。传感器的能量供应受限，通常依赖于不可充电电池，这在这些网络的设计和效能方面带来了重大问题。本文介绍了EEM-LEACH-ABC，一种使用人工蜂群（ABC）算法的新型无线传感器网络节能聚类和路由协议。该协议集成了基于区域的能量感知聚类的三种主要机制，即使用网络分区、优化的多跳通信路径和用于高效数据聚合的层次树结构。ABC根据包括剩余能量、传输距离、簇头比例（CR）和多目标加权系数等关键参数动态选择簇头（CH）和路由路径。在不同场景下的仿真结果——包括集中式、边缘式和角落式基站布局——表明，EEM-LEACH-ABC在首次节点死亡（FND）、半数节点死亡（HND）、数据包交付率（PDR）和能耗方面优于现有协议，如MHCRP、SBOA和HChOA。具体而言，该协议在FND方面实现了高达216%的提升，在基站的数据包交付方面提高了29%。此外，该协议能够适应干扰、节点故障和移动传感器节点，从而确保在实际部署中的鲁棒性和可扩展性。使用ABC自动优化参数，以最小化能量不平衡并延长网络寿命。
