Cevirgel Alper, van der Heiden Marieke, Shetty Sudarshan A, Viljanen Markus, Vos Martijn, Bijvank Elske, van Sleen Yannick, Imhof Celine, Rolwes Joeri A J, Samson Leonard Daniël, Beckers Lisa, Rots Nynke, van Beek Josine, Buisman Anne-Marie, van Baarle Debbie
Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Aging Cell. 2025 Sep;24(9):e70151. doi: 10.1111/acel.70151. Epub 2025 Jul 24.
Immune aging is associated with decreased vaccine responses, but biomarkers for vaccine responsiveness remain unidentified. We analyzed immunotypes describing pre-vaccination immune cell profiles and their associations with triple vaccine responsiveness to influenza, pneumococcal, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in adults aged 25-78 years. Additionally, we developed an innovative measure, immune entropy, to quantify cumulative perturbations in the immune cell subset network. Specific immunotypes were associated with either weak or robust triple vaccine responsiveness. In addition, immune entropy was inversely related to vaccine responsiveness regardless of age. In a validation cohort of older adults, higher immune entropy was also associated with a lower antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine. A separate cohort of kidney transplant recipients, typically exhibiting diminished vaccine responses, demonstrated significantly increased immune entropy compared to healthy counterparts. Our findings suggest immunotypes and immune entropy as potential indicators to identify individuals at risk for suboptimal vaccine responses, potentially guiding personalized vaccination strategies.
免疫衰老与疫苗反应降低有关，但疫苗反应性的生物标志物仍未明确。我们分析了描述接种疫苗前免疫细胞谱的免疫型及其与25至78岁成年人对流感、肺炎球菌和SARS-CoV-2疫苗的三联疫苗反应性的关联。此外，我们开发了一种创新指标——免疫熵，以量化免疫细胞亚群网络中的累积扰动。特定的免疫型与三联疫苗反应性弱或强相关。此外，无论年龄大小，免疫熵与疫苗反应性呈负相关。在一个老年成年人验证队列中，较高的免疫熵也与对BNT162b2疫苗的较低抗体反应相关。一个单独的肾移植受者队列（通常表现出疫苗反应减弱）与健康对照相比，免疫熵显著增加。我们的研究结果表明，免疫型和免疫熵可作为识别疫苗反应欠佳风险个体的潜在指标，可能为个性化疫苗接种策略提供指导。
