Owliaee Iman, Shoushtari Mohammad, Karimi Zhina, Shojaeian Ali
Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025 Dec;21(1):2535787. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2025.2535787. Epub 2025 Jul 24.
Cancer, marked by uncontrolled cell growth, is a leading global cause of death. Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, for all their use, often come with severe side effects. This has really pushed the development of immunotherapies and cancer vaccines, which try to leverage the body's immune system to fight tumors. Effective delivery of therapeutic agents to immune cells or tumors is critical, and natural carriers such as exosomes, archaeosomes, virosomes, and dendritic cells offer promising solutions. These systems excel in biocompatibility, low toxicity, and immune activation compared to synthetic alternatives. This review examines their role in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy, highlighting challenges like production consistency and tumor heterogeneity. Future directions include personalized vaccines and combination therapies, advancing these natural carriers in the fight against cancer.
癌症以细胞的无节制生长为特征，是全球主要的死亡原因。传统的癌症治疗方法，如化疗和放疗，尽管有其用途，但往往伴随着严重的副作用。这着实推动了免疫疗法和癌症疫苗的发展，它们试图利用人体免疫系统来对抗肿瘤。将治疗剂有效递送至免疫细胞或肿瘤至关重要，而外泌体、古脂质体、病毒体和树突状细胞等天然载体提供了有前景的解决方案。与合成替代品相比，这些系统在生物相容性、低毒性和免疫激活方面表现出色。本综述探讨了它们在癌症疫苗和免疫疗法中的作用，强调了生产一致性和肿瘤异质性等挑战。未来的方向包括个性化疫苗和联合疗法，推动这些天然载体在抗癌斗争中取得进展。
