Sarfraz Zouina, Maharaj Arun, Venur Vyshak Alva, Lathia Justin D, Odia Yazmin, Ahluwalia Manmeet S
Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Jul 24;17:185-209. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S497903. eCollection 2025.
Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive brain tumor with standard therapies offering limited but measurable survival benefit. Immunotherapy is expanding the treatment landscape for GB. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have shown benefit in several cancers and are being studied in GB, with ongoing efforts to address the tumor's immunosuppressive environment. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies are also being explored, with new approaches designed to overcome antigen variability and improve access across the blood-brain barrier. Cancer vaccines, especially dendritic cell-based platforms like DCVax-L, have shown promising survival outcomes in clinical trials. Advances in biomarker analysis and genomics are supporting more personalized immunotherapy approaches. In addition, combination strategies involving ICIs, CAR T-cells, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses are being developed to enhance immune response. This review outlines current immunotherapy approaches in GB, focusing on their mechanisms, clinical development, and future directions.
胶质母细胞瘤（GB）是一种侵袭性脑肿瘤，标准疗法虽能提供有限但可衡量的生存益处。免疫疗法正在拓展GB的治疗格局。免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI），包括纳武单抗和帕博利珠单抗，已在多种癌症中显示出疗效，目前正在GB中进行研究，同时正在努力应对肿瘤的免疫抑制环境。嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞疗法也在探索之中，新方法旨在克服抗原变异性并改善穿越血脑屏障的能力。癌症疫苗，尤其是像DCVax-L这样基于树突状细胞的平台，在临床试验中已显示出有希望的生存结果。生物标志物分析和基因组学的进展正在支持更个性化的免疫疗法。此外，正在开发涉及ICI、CAR T细胞、疫苗和溶瘤病毒的联合策略以增强免疫反应。本综述概述了GB目前的免疫疗法，重点关注其机制、临床进展和未来方向。
