Dong Xuan, Gao Mingnan, Guo Han, Wang Peng, Zhang Yixuan, Shang Qiaoli, Wang Qiying
Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 Jul 11;16:1529564. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1529564. eCollection 2025.
Keloids are skin lesions caused by excessive fibrotic reactions, and their pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Recent studies have shown that the immune microenvironment plays a significant role in the development of keloids. This article reviews the distribution and functions of immune microenvironment-related cells in keloids, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, T cells, and stem cells, as well as the interactions between these cells and local cells. The article also explores the impact of several signaling pathways within the immune microenvironment on keloid formation, including the transforming growth factor β pathway (TGF-β), PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and Notch signaling pathway. These pathways recruit more immune cells by secreting various cytokines and inflammatory mediators, stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, ultimately leading to the formation of keloids. By deeply analyzing the roles of cells and their signaling pathways within the immune microenvironment, we can provide potential new targets for the treatment of keloids.
瘢痕疙瘩是由过度纤维化反应引起的皮肤病变，其发病机制尚未完全明确。最近的研究表明，免疫微环境在瘢痕疙瘩的形成过程中起着重要作用。本文综述了瘢痕疙瘩中免疫微环境相关细胞的分布和功能，包括角质形成细胞、成纤维细胞、肥大细胞、巨噬细胞、T细胞和干细胞，以及这些细胞与局部细胞之间的相互作用。文章还探讨了免疫微环境中的几种信号通路对瘢痕疙瘩形成的影响，包括转化生长因子β通路（TGF-β）、PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路、Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路和Notch信号通路。这些通路通过分泌各种细胞因子和炎症介质招募更多免疫细胞，刺激成纤维细胞增殖和胶原蛋白合成，最终导致瘢痕疙瘩的形成。通过深入分析免疫微环境中细胞及其信号通路的作用，可为瘢痕疙瘩的治疗提供潜在的新靶点。
