Neubert D
Xenobiotica. 1985 Aug-Sep;15(8-9):649-60. doi: 10.3109/00498258509047423.
Recently a variety of models have been developed in several laboratories to allow the study of various types of tissue differentiation processes from species ranging from lower animals to mammals. If the use of in vitro systems is intended to reveal toxic effects, two main lines of application may be envisaged (a) toxic effects, for which some indication already exists, can be further characterized and the mode of their toxic action clarified ('secondary testing'), and (b) toxic effects, previously unknown, can be detected ('primary testing'). Primary testing is difficult, regarding not only the strategy to be used and the validation of the system, but also the extrapolation of data to the situation which possibly exists in man. Due to these reasons, this approach has so far not been successfully applied with any group of chemicals.
最近，几个实验室开发了多种模型，用于研究从低等动物到哺乳动物等不同物种的各种组织分化过程。如果打算使用体外系统来揭示毒性作用，可以设想两种主要的应用方式：（a）对于已经有一些迹象的毒性作用，可以进一步进行表征，并阐明其毒性作用模式（“二次测试”）；（b）可以检测以前未知的毒性作用（“初次测试”）。初次测试很困难，这不仅涉及要使用的策略和系统的验证，还涉及将数据外推到可能存在于人类的情况。由于这些原因，到目前为止，这种方法尚未成功应用于任何一组化学物质。
