Cheung Kristene, Doyle Susan, Clayton Kylee, Hanlon-Dearman Ana, Unger Jo Ann, Budhoo Caelan, Romaniuk Alyssa
Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada.
The Manitoba FASD Centre, SSCY Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3G1, Canada.
Children (Basel). 2025 Jun 26;12(7):842. doi: 10.3390/children12070842.
: Canadian guidelines for diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) strongly recommend using direct measures to assess brain domains whenever possible. Executive functioning, one of the brain domains assessed, can be measured using direct and indirect measures; however, research has found discrepancies between these two forms of assessment and has not examined this relationship using ratings from the newest version of one of the most commonly used indirect measure of executive functioning, the second version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF2). Academic achievement may also help explain discrepancies between these forms of assessment, especially in indirect executive functioning skills at school, because many of the items on the BRIEF2 Teacher Form are related to school skills. This study aimed to examine the relationship between direct measures of executive functioning, indirect measures of executive functioning, and academic achievement. : Charts of 74 children who completed an FASD diagnostic assessment in Canada were included in this study (61% males; 58% with FASD; = 11.77). Direct and indirect measures of executive functioning across settings and academic achievement were assessed. : Few correlations between corresponding BRIEF2 and direct measures of executive functioning were significantly associated. There were several significant correlations between academic achievement and (a) educator ratings on the BRIEF2 and (b) direct measures of executive functioning. None of the caregiver ratings on the BRIEF2 were significantly associated with academic achievement. : The results suggest that academic performance is related to BRIEF2 ratings of executive functioning skills at school and direct measures of executive functioning. Aside from a few exceptions, direct and indirect measures of the same executive functioning skill were not correlated.
加拿大胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）诊断指南强烈建议尽可能使用直接测量方法来评估脑区。执行功能是所评估的脑区之一，可以使用直接和间接测量方法进行测量；然而，研究发现这两种评估形式之间存在差异，并且尚未使用执行功能最常用的间接测量方法之一的最新版本（执行功能行为评定量表第二版，BRIEF2）的评分来检验这种关系。学业成绩也可能有助于解释这些评估形式之间的差异，特别是在学校的间接执行功能技能方面，因为BRIEF2教师版中的许多项目都与学校技能相关。本研究旨在探讨执行功能的直接测量、执行功能的间接测量与学业成绩之间的关系。：本研究纳入了74名在加拿大完成FASD诊断评估的儿童的病历（61%为男性；58%患有FASD；平均年龄=11.77岁）。评估了不同环境下执行功能的直接和间接测量以及学业成绩。：BRIEF2与执行功能的直接测量之间几乎没有显著相关的相关性。学业成绩与（a）BRIEF2上的教育工作者评分和（b）执行功能的直接测量之间存在若干显著相关性。BRIEF2上的照顾者评分与学业成绩均无显著相关性。：结果表明，学业表现与学校中执行功能技能的BRIEF2评分以及执行功能的直接测量相关。除了少数例外情况，同一执行功能技能的直接和间接测量之间没有相关性。
