Andrade-Guel Marlene, Cabello-Alvarado Christian J, Nery-Flores Sendar Daniel, Cadenas-Pliego Gregorio, Avila-Orta Carlos, Pérez-Alvarez Marissa, Martínez-Carrillo Diego, Quiñones-Jurado Zoe V, Caero Luis Cedeño
Center for Research in Applied Chemistry, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico.
Researcher for Mexico SECIHTI-CIQA, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1562, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Jul 17;18(14):3352. doi: 10.3390/ma18143352.
In this study, polysulfone-based nanocomposites with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were fabricated to evaluate their urea-removal properties. The nanocomposites were obtained using two different methods: solution mixing and melt extrusion. These materials were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which allowed for the identification of the corresponding functional groups within the polysulfone polymer matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed, confirming the amorphous structure of the polysulfone. The addition of modified carbon black shifted the most intense peak of the polysulfone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed an increase in thermal stability with the addition of different concentrations of modified carbon black for solution-mixing method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the melt-extrusion method presented a better dispersion of the nanoparticles, since large agglomerates were not observed. Additionally, a urea adsorption study was conducted, obtaining removal percentages of 76% and 72% for the extrusion and solution-mixing methods, respectively. It was demonstrated that the nanocomposite can be used for up to five cycles without losing urea-removal efficiency, whereas the efficiency of pure polysulfone decreases as the number of cycles increases. Finally, the hemolysis test was performed, and the nanocomposites showed less than 1% hemolysis, indicating that the material is non-hemolytic.
在本研究中，制备了含有炭黑（CB）纳米颗粒的聚砜基纳米复合材料，以评估其尿素去除性能。通过两种不同方法获得纳米复合材料：溶液混合法和熔融挤出法。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对这些材料进行评估，该方法可用于识别聚砜聚合物基体中的相应官能团。进行了X射线衍射（XRD）分析，证实了聚砜的非晶结构。改性炭黑的添加使聚砜的最强峰发生了位移。热重分析（TGA）表明，对于溶液混合法，添加不同浓度的改性炭黑可提高热稳定性。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示，熔融挤出法中纳米颗粒的分散性更好，因为未观察到大型团聚体。此外，进行了尿素吸附研究，挤出法和溶液混合法的去除率分别为76%和72%。结果表明，该纳米复合材料可使用多达五个循环而不损失尿素去除效率，而纯聚砜的效率则随着循环次数的增加而降低。最后，进行了溶血试验，纳米复合材料的溶血率低于1%，表明该材料无溶血作用。
